GEOPOLITICS AND GEOSTRATEGY BEYOND THE GLOBAL

GEOPOLITICS AND GEOSTRATEGY

BEYOND THE GLOBAL

Geographic factors have greatly influenced the political, economic and cultural development of states, this leads to the creation of an adequate science such as geopolitics which is used as a strategic tool with which the great powers and the most renowned empires have able to maintain and disseminate its culture, policies and economic models through decision-making; besides this is the art of coordinating the actions of political, economic and moral military forces in order to defend a nation or a nation community. This science that studies the influence of geographic factors on the life and evolution of States, in order to draw conclusions of a political nature.

Geopolitics as a branch of geography receives from this the knowledge of territories and peoples and on the other hand politics gives knowledge of power relations, therefore its conclusions are of an official type, in which the effects of man regulate behavior human and its influence of a certain sociological, economic and political factor.

Geopolitics as a science was created in order to understand and study the world order that is gained with economic and military power, where the state functions as a living organ and therefore needs a space to grow and move an example of this is the invasion from Germany to Poland in the Second World War, in which it was argued that the Germans had unnecessary borders and therefore an expansion was convenient.

Today there are a lot of international conflicts in the world that have their main bases in geopolitics and there is a lot of talk about this complex scientific discipline, but few are aware of the importance of understanding the implications and consequences both towards the internal and external to the States as well as the international repercussions of the decision-making that takes place in it.

Among these global conflicts we have the Western one on the Muslim world in which the Muslims seek to defend their economic and geostrategic interests against the sovereignty that the West wants to impose.

On the other hand we have ethnic conflicts ethnic groups to survive but the State to these groups sometimes lends very little relevance for this reason these groups are marginalized and very disadvantaged and the fact that these are not recognized and are not want to grant autonomy for these reasons conflicts are also generated because the State does not recognize its multiculturalism, in addition to this there are cultural clashes by neighboring ethnic cultures or because other groups identify with others, in addition to these conflicts we find cultural conflicts because with the globalization seeks to homogenize their culture or the exchange and feedback between them today and over time there have been cultural clashes such as xenophobia, racism, etc. Another conflict that we find are the political conflicts which man creates in society either internally in the State or externally with other States in these conflicts are generated friend-enemies and most of all occur when the civil order is altered. In the last we have the geoeconomic and geostrategic conflicts with the expansion of capitalism, this being a socio-economic system of the world order nfluencing political decisions, The growing globalization of economic activity also influences and this leads us to consider economic analysis beyond national borders and to know the international and supranational economic environment.

It is important to know that geopolitics can not be conceived without globalization, since both were evolving at the same time, for this reason anyone who wants to know the extraordinary world of Geopolitics must first know what globalization is, which has an increasing level of interdependence among States. This has caused the decision-making in a certain scenario to affect the other side of the world, thus seeking to maintain the influence and political, social, military and even cultural expansion in as much geographic space as possible, it is under these objectives then how the first theoretical postulates of World Geopolitics are born:

In the first place we find the theory of mahan which is based on the naval strategy of England, the influence that the empire exerted in international trade, a practically unshakable maritime armada and the defense of foreign trade by the navy, fundamental elements for ensure hegemony. It should be noted that this doctrine was developed for the United States and not for the British Empire.

Secondly, we have the theory of the cardinal region, which states that the north and central zone of euroasia would be the center of the political power that would control the world, due to geographical isolation and the richness of its resources; Adolf Hitler used this concept to explain the need that the Third Reich had to expand into new territories which, from 1937, would include the annexation of Austria, former Czechoslovakia and Poland, among others, with this conquest was a trigger for the II World War.

Third, we have the world theory of crush zones in which the world is made up of a set of small, surviving states of the small-scale economy, have a fragile political and economic structure and play a crucial role in the development of international relations

Fourth, we have the theory of political realism in which power is concentrated in the peripheral areas due to the natural resources they manage and not in the center

In fifth place we have the theory of the areas areas of Alexander Seversky, this theory is based on the fact that the air space must be dominated in order to defeat the enemy since for him the territory and the seas were not enough.

For the study of geopolitics we must take into account the following elements such as the national reality which looks at the State in all its political, economic and social aspects and in everything that can be perceived, on the other hand we have the national power in the which studies the ability of the State to impose its will, achieving its goals and reaching its objectives despite internal and external obstacles. In addition to this we find the national potential that is nothing more than the tangible and intangible means that exist in reality at a certain moment which can be used by the State to fulfill the social objectives and finally we find the national policy which are the strategies that the State elaborates and formulates to meet its objectives.

On the other hand we find the geostrategic which is a subset of the geopolitics that tries to study and relate military strategic problems with factors and geographic resources of a country with political objectives. Since a few years ago, petroleum is in the political and geostrategic changes of the world due to the energy needs of one of the State.

One of the geostrategics that was found is preventive warfare, it is a geostrategic political and military in which an armed action is undertaken with the aim of repelling an imminent invasion in order to gain strategies in the face of the conflict, cataloged as national security in the letter of the United Nations in its article 51 gives it to the nations to carry out this type of war for its defense.

In terms of geopolitics and geostrategics, we currently have a socio-economic reality that is globalized, globally thought and glocally acting without taking into account the particularities of each region or specific area. We can say that the new way of living is glocal, since they start from a global thought, which is to try to be more just with the environment and to respect nature more and to achieve the objectives of that thought they act in a local way. Then we could define glocalization from an economic or cultural perspective:

as an economic term it refers to the person, group, division, unit, organization or community that is willing and able to "think globally and act locally". the concept implies that the company adapts to the peculiarities of each environment, differentiating its productions according to local demands

To end Thanks to the military strategies that were used in the war in defense and seizure of other territories, a new world order was established that determined that power that has transcended until today with the hegemony over other countries with problems such as poverty to carry out in order to exploit their natural resources and establish small colonies.

Historically, the richest countries have taken over small plots of land that they have converted into colonies, and through the conquest and use of warlike events they have achieved the forced appropriation of cities or small islands, as happened with Great Britain and the Malvinas Islands belonging to Argentina.

By way of conclusion, we can affirm that geopolitics is a strategic tool of the States to seek the exploitation of the territories through their power, and now with the process of globalization dominated by the neoliberal ideology, where the domination of the world is in the hands of the great economic powers of transnational companies and bankers, that is, in the "absolute market", a new way of doing Geopolitics.